{"id":6750,"date":"2021-03-04T08:45:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T07:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/?p=6750"},"modified":"2025-10-07T10:39:52","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T08:39:52","slug":"power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance","title":{"rendered":"Flicker, RVC &#038; Symmetrical Components Explained &#8211; Chapter 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>The power supply and its electric voltage are not always as steady as you may think. Therefore Flicker, voltage changes in a short period of time (Rapid Voltage Changes) and symmetrical components are central parameters to assess power quality. Let&#8217;s learn how we get back to symmetry and all grid parameters by means of the symmetrical components!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69fada7354c88\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69fada7354c88\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#1_%E2%80%93_Overview\" >1 &#8211; Overview<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Welcome_to_Chapter_4_of_our_Multipart-Series\" >Welcome to Chapter 4 of our Multipart-Series<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#2_%E2%80%93_Flicker\" >2 &#8211; Flicker<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Definition\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#IEC_61000-4-15_Flicker_meter\" >IEC 61000-4-15 Flicker meter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Definition_of_Flicker_values\" >Definition of Flicker values<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Current_Flicker_Definition\" >Current Flicker Definition<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#3_%E2%80%93_Rapid_Voltage_Changes_RVC\" >3 &#8211; Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Definition_of_RVC\" >Definition of RVC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#4_%E2%80%93_Symmetrical_Components\" >4 &#8211; Symmetrical Components<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#What_is_Unbalance\" >What is Unbalance?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Zero-sequence\" >Zero-sequence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Positive-sequence\" >Positive-sequence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Negative-sequence\" >Negative-sequence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Matrix_of_symmetrical_components\" >Matrix of symmetrical components<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Calculation_of_phase_voltages_or_currents\" >Calculation of phase voltages or currents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#IEC_61400-21_Annex_C\" >IEC 61400-21 Annex C<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#5_%E2%80%93_Voltage_Events_Flagging\" >5 &#8211; Voltage Events &amp; Flagging<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Voltage_Dips_Swells_Interruptions\" >Voltage Dips, Swells &amp; Interruptions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Flagging\" >Flagging<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#6_%E2%80%93_Steady_Summary_Symmetrical_Outlook\" >6 &#8211; Steady Summary. Symmetrical Outlook!<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/#Further_Reading\" >Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E2%80%93_Overview\"><\/span>1 &#8211; Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Welcome_to_Chapter_4_of_our_Multipart-Series\"><\/span>Welcome to Chapter 4 of our Multipart-Series<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>With this article today we are very soon closing this discourse on Power Quality Analysis and Monitoring from the past weeks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/a-reintroduction-to-power-quality-analysis\" target=\"_blank\">Power Quality Analysis &#8211; A Reintroduction<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-1-foundational-knowledge\" target=\"_blank\">Foundational Knowledge <\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-2-electric-power-energy\" target=\"_blank\">Electric Power &amp; Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-3-ieee-519-harmonics\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE 519 &amp; Harmonics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Flicker\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E2%80%93_Flicker\"><\/span>2 &#8211; Flicker<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition\"><\/span>Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Flicker is a visible change in lamp brightness due to voltage fluctuations. These changes emerge in power grids with a low short-circuit resistance and as response to rapid connection or separation of loads. A high level is considered to be harmful and irritating to people. While we are focusing on how to measure Flicker according to the standards, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electricityforum.com\/iep\/power-quality\/power-quality-voltage-flicker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">under this link<\/a> you can find a closer look on the implications on the human eye. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IEC_61000-4-15_Flicker_meter\"><\/span>IEC 61000-4-15 Flicker meter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The standard provides understanding for the correct determination of flicker level perception for all practical voltage fluctuation waveforms. Based on the simulation of the lamp-eye-brain chain, the flicker signal is statistically evaluated and calculated in the normed parameters. Creating a reference signal in Block 1, the next three Blocks simulate the human perception of it. The Flicker parameters are calculated in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.powerqualityworld.com\/2011\/09\/iec-flickermeter-flicker-measurement.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Block 5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1008\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Flicker-meter-block-diagram-IEC-61000-4-15.png\" alt=\"Flicker meter block diagram IEC 61000-4-15\" class=\"wp-image-6757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Flicker-meter-block-diagram-IEC-61000-4-15.png 1008w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Flicker-meter-block-diagram-IEC-61000-4-15-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Flicker-meter-block-diagram-IEC-61000-4-15-16x7.png 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><figcaption>Flicker meter block diagram IEC 61000-4-15<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition_of_Flicker_values\"><\/span>Definition of Flicker values<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Flicker <\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">P<sub>inst<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Instantaneous Flicker Sensation<\/strong> from IEC 61000-4-15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">P<sub>st<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Short Term Flicker<\/strong> every 10 minutes for voltage input signals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">P<sub>lt<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Long Term Flicker<\/strong> every 2 hours from the previous 12 P<sub>st<\/sub> values<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">I_P<sub>inst<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Instantaneous Flicker Sensation<\/strong> from IEC 61000-4-15 for current<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">I_P<sub>st<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Short Term Flicker<\/strong> <strong>current<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">I_P<sub>lt<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Long Term Flicker<\/strong> <strong>current<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">I_P<sub>inst<\/sub>_L1_30,<br>I_P<sub>st<\/sub>_L1_30,<br>I_P<sub>lt<\/sub>_L1_30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Flicker values<\/strong> for a specific phase angle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Flicker values for PQ Analysis, e.g. for L1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Flicker_Definition\"><\/span>Current Flicker Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>IEC 61400-21 defines the calculation of Flicker emission, caused by renewables like wind power plants. Producers as well as consumers are the originators and thereby effecting the power grid. The internal voltage drip in the following picture is calculated on the basis of the grid impedance and the current flow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"325\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Current-Flicker-1024x325.png\" alt=\"Current Flicker IEC 61400-21\" class=\"wp-image-6759\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Current-Flicker-1024x325.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Current-Flicker-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Current-Flicker-16x5.png 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Current-Flicker.png 1439w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"RVC\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E2%80%93_Rapid_Voltage_Changes_RVC\"><\/span>3 &#8211; Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition_of_RVC\"><\/span>Definition of RVC<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The EN 50160 defines RVCs as: \u201cA single rapid variation of the rms value of a voltage between two consecutive levels which are sustained for definite but unspecified durations.\u201d<\/li><li>The IEC 61000-3-3 defines voltage change characteristic as following: \u201cthe time function of the RMS voltage change is evaluated as a single value for each successive half period between the zero-crossings of the source voltage and the time intervals in which the voltage is in a steady-state condition for at least 1 s.\u201d<\/li><li>In IEC61000-4-30, rapid voltage changes are defined as: A quick transition in RMS voltage between two steady-state conditions. To measure rapid voltage change, thresholds must be defined for each of the following minimum ..<ul><li>rate of change<\/li><li>duration of the steady-state conditions<\/li><li>difference in voltage between the two steady-state conditions<\/li><li>plus Steadiness of the steady- state conditions<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The voltage during a rapid voltage change must not exceed the voltage dip and\/or the voltage swell threshold. Otherwise, it would count as a voltage dip or swell. The characteristic parameter of rapid voltage change is the difference between the steady state value reached after the change and the initial steady-state value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-1024x400.jpg\" alt=\"Access NEO-Download-Area\" class=\"wp-image-6609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-1024x400.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-300x117.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-1536x600.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-2048x800.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/NEO-Download-Area-16x6.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">More in-depth information<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Easy accessible in your Download Area. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/user-registration\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up!<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Symm_Comp\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_%E2%80%93_Symmetrical_Components\"><\/span>4 &#8211; Symmetrical Components<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-643f0b02-f7e7-4c9c-98c9-58589c3983ac\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Unbalance\"><\/span>What is Unbalance?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Unbalance-Balance-1024x513.png\" alt=\"Balance &amp; Unbalance for a 3-Phase System\" width=\"481\" height=\"240\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-b6ffc1d9-de34-4622-bf7a-2f6f002f0f95\">Disturbances or short circuits among others result in an unbalanced system. The concept of symmetrical components enables the transformation of any desired unbalanced 3-phase system (unbalanced electric grid system influenced by a number of factors) into three separated symmetrical components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"block-de0749e4-2023-4e04-885a-3585ee25eb40\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Symmetrical-components-1024x310.png\" alt=\"Composition of Symmetrical components\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-95013342-5b89-4f67-88df-e73a20ec9886\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zero-sequence\"><\/span>Zero-sequence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-a51d4f58-a651-4499-a201-31778f5da0c9\">In a symmetrical system, without any disturbances, the phase voltages sum up to zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"block-8ecfa1fe-d54b-4f88-9669-230f18257f6d\">U_L1 + U_L2 + U_L3 = 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-6b8a52b6-c810-499f-bd6e-9a01abcdc1c3\">This symmetrical state never appears in real-life grids. The zero sequence results due to disturbances and from current flow in the neutral line U_N. The following voltage difference determines said current flow:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"block-69c747b3-bdc8-4a47-956d-88a9f1936a57\">U_L1 + U_L2 + U_L3 = \u2359u<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-eb6c7e6c-4160-4ae3-8058-bba1db164c23\">This voltage difference divided by three is the zero-sequence system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"block-ceb284e8-582d-4b83-845c-6046f64ae986\">U_0 = 1\/3 * \u2359u = u10 = u20 = u30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-1298df7d-851a-4439-8b6c-d4c7064ed24f\"><li>The zero sequence has the same amplitude and phase for all of three phases (u10, u20, u30).<\/li><li>This is the reason you usually find only one value, U_0, in literature or within our software.<\/li><li>The calculation of the current zero-sequence is analogue to this procedure.<\/li><li>Multiplying the zero-sequence system of the current by 3 (3 x I_0) equals the current over the neutral line U_N.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-bd97a586-ec47-4f2c-819e-cdf58522aedf\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positive-sequence\"><\/span>Positive-sequence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-2e73681d-8c94-4629-a26b-22265c45be39\">This part rotates in the same direction as the given system (e.g. grid or electric motor\/generator) and is a symmetric system for itself. This means the amplitude for all three positive phases is the same and only having a 120\u00b0 phase shift to each other. This is where the unit vector a comes in to simplify the formulas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-eaa0896b-5f89-4667-892a-18da756cf167\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Negative-sequence\"><\/span>Negative-sequence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-721a194d-cee9-4a32-b798-be92931b2e5c\">This part rotates in the opposite direction as the real system (e.g. grid or electric motor\/generator) and is a symmetric system for itself. Like the positive system, the phase values are the same with a 120\u00b0 phase shift to each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-b79c36eb-e89e-4525-875d-38b89a946e34\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Matrix_of_symmetrical_components\"><\/span>Matrix of symmetrical components<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-6a8f9abf-6b5b-45f1-b1d2-3f8b99da87d5\">The three symmetrical components for voltage and current in matrix form give a clear overview on the whole system and the importance of the operator&nbsp;a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Matrix-Symmetrical-Components.png\" alt=\"Matrix Symmetrical Components\" class=\"wp-image-6787\" width=\"368\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Matrix-Symmetrical-Components.png 707w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Matrix-Symmetrical-Components-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Matrix-Symmetrical-Components-16x7.png 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Calculation_of_phase_voltages_or_currents\"><\/span>Calculation of phase voltages or currents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By using the formulas from above it is possible to calculate the phase voltages and current flow of the 3-phase system with the help of the symmetrical components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-34226318-3661-4053-83e7-10230ac8d5de\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IEC_61400-21_Annex_C\"><\/span>IEC 61400-21 Annex C<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-a2cf7d1a-dad2-4f2c-af53-2932e995672d\">According to Annex C of IEC 61400-21, the Fourier coefficients (cos- and sin-parts) of both measured phase voltages and currents are calculated over one fundamental cycle T. Using NEO PQ solutions allows you to easily access all the parameters you need for in-depth analysis. This includes all RMS values for every active, reactive and apparent part of the three symmetrical systems. Fore more information about how the calculation within the software, drop us a line on <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\/\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIn<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-d4b54de8-0a17-4368-8874-cf6231a77a69\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_%E2%80%93_Voltage_Events_Flagging\"><\/span>5 &#8211; Voltage Events &amp; Flagging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-cbc28454-9d53-4c3d-9593-456d556af442\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage_Dips_Swells_Interruptions\"><\/span>Voltage Dips, Swells &amp; Interruptions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-49d79d2a-2a06-431a-bf18-d78e701dd4a4\">For voltage dips, swells and interruptions, the RMS voltage must be evaluated over 1 cycle (on base of sliding \u00bd period values estimation), commencing at a fundamental zero crossing, and refreshed every half-cycle. Events are detected if the voltage leaves the pre-defined range (usually \u00b110% of Un). By following IEC61000-4-30 according to the illustration, single phase or three-phase events are evaluated in a different way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image.png\" alt=\"Voltage dips, swells and interruptions\" class=\"wp-image-6801\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image.png 604w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-16x7.png 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flagging\"><\/span>Flagging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Voltage monitor data must be stored as \u2018flagged\u2019. During a dip, swell, or interruption, the measurement algorithm for other parameters (for example, frequency measurement) might produce a unreliable value. The flagging concept therefore avoids counting a single event more than once in different parameters (for example, counting a single dip as both a dip and a frequency variation) and indicates that an aggregated value might be unreliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flagging is only triggered by dips, swells, and interruptions. The detection of dips and swells is dependent on the threshold selected by the user, and this selection will influence which data has been \u2018flagged.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_%E2%80%93_Steady_Summary_Symmetrical_Outlook\"><\/span>6 &#8211; Steady Summary. Symmetrical Outlook!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Within this last article we have learned the implications of varying voltage levels in the power grid. Both Flicker and Rapid Voltage Changes are central parameters for the EN 50160 report that will soon be our next focus point in Chapter 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Your NEO Messtechnik experts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Reading\"><\/span>Further Reading<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Chapter 5 &#8211; coming soon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A closer look on these PQ parameters, formulas, relations and how to measure according to standards.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6997,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-power-quality-online-course-2026-pq-explained"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chapter 4 - Flicker, RVC &amp; Unbalance - Power Quality Explained<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A closer look on Flicker, RVC, Symmetrical Components and Voltage Events, formulas, relations and how to measure according to standards.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter 4 - Flicker, RVC &amp; 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