{"id":8268,"date":"2023-08-01T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/?p=8268"},"modified":"2025-10-07T10:39:16","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T08:39:16","slug":"dc-components-in-ac-grids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids","title":{"rendered":"DC Components in AC Grids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In recent years, power quality measurements in the industry and in distribution and transmission networks have been carried out more frequently. During these measurements, the focus has been on classic parameters such as voltage sags, voltage transients, and harmonics. Maximum values are provided by standards for the quality of distribution networks, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>EN 50160<\/li><li>IEEE 519<\/li><li>Directive G5\/4<\/li><li>D-A-CH-CZ &#8211; Technical regulations for assessing network interactions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the compatibility between distribution networks and products can be evaluated according to the standards IEC 61000-2-2 for public low-voltage networks and IEC 61000-2-4 for low-voltage and medium-voltage industrial installations. However, these standards have not explicitly included the power quality parameter DC offset (DC components).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a03ec3377b30\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a03ec3377b30\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/#DC_Limits_in_Standardization\" >DC Limits in Standardization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/#DC_Sources_of_an_Inverter\" >DC Sources of an Inverter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/#Measurement_system\" >Measurement system<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/#Wrapping_up\" >Wrapping up<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DC_Limits_in_Standardization\"><\/span>DC Limits in Standardization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In Germany, the DC component is addressed in the Technical Installation Guideline (TAR) for low-voltage since 2019 under section 5.4.4.9 &#8220;Injection of Direct Current into the Low-Voltage Network.&#8221; So, the guideline specifies the following: An inverter must not inject more than 0.5% of its rated current or a maximum of 20 mA (whichever value is higher) as direct current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note 1: The measurement of direct currents is performed based on DIN EN 61000-4-7 (VDE 0847-4-7) over 10 fundamental waveform periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note 2: Direct currents can lead to corrosion damage to cables and other equipment, as well as transformer and other inductor saturation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The standard explicitly lists inverters as undesirable sources of DC. Maximum values for the DC component can also be found in other countries. Three examples are listed in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>Country<\/th><th>Standard<\/th><th>Limit<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Australia<\/td><td>AS4777.2<\/td><td>5 mA or 0.5% of the rated output current<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USA<\/td><td>IEEE Standard 1547-2018<\/td><td>0.5% of the rated output current<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Italy<\/td><td>CEI 0-21<\/td><td>0.5% of the rated output current<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Table 1: DC Limits in national standards<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DC_Sources_of_an_Inverter\"><\/span>DC Sources of an Inverter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The potential DC sources in inverters are quite diverse, as illustrated in the following diagram of an inverter system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-1024x619.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-993x600.png 993w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-1536x928.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-2048x1237.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/LCLtype-voltt-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measurement_system\"><\/span>Measurement system<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To measure small DC parts accurately, use a PQ device with strong signal quality. Noise may hide lower or higher levels at different frequencies. The device should compensate for DC offset in current sensors for precise measurements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-1024x384.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-1024x384.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-1452x545.png 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-768x288.png 768w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-1536x576.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-2048x768.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PQ-analyzers-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Power Quality Analyzer PQA8000H by Neo Messtechnik connects to zero-flux transducers and lets you freely choose FFT analysis frequency parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"355\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Danisense-fluxgate.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Danisense-fluxgate.jpg 355w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Danisense-fluxgate-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Danisense-fluxgate-15x12.jpg 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><figcaption>PQA8000H and Danisense Zeroflux-transducer<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the standard grouping in IEC 61000-4-7 might be too coarse for low-frequency analysis. Still, the analyzer can detect geomagnetically induced quasi-DC currents (0-1 Hz) in high-voltage networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The inverter technology used in renewable energy sources is not only a potential source of harmonics. In recent years, there have been increasing reports that DC injection occurs in many cases as well. Non-linear loads, in addition to inverters, can also generate a DC component. Inductive equipment like motors and transformers are currently not designed to handle these loads. Despite efforts by inverter manufacturers to minimize the DC component, power quality measurements in low-voltage networks using AC\/DC sensors often detect a significant DC component.<br><br>Check out the entire article in the PSD Europe September 2023 magazine (starting on page 41).<br><a href=\"https:\/\/online.flippingbook.com\/view\/910204442\/42-43\/\">powersystemsdesign.com\/print-archives-emb\/588<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wrapping_up\"><\/span>Wrapping up<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Where can I get more information?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items_2a06d5-5b kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><li class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-style-default kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-0\"><div style=\"display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;color:#485156\" class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-single kt-svg-icon-list-single-fe_checkCircle\"><svg style=\"display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 11.08V12a10 10 0 1 1-5.93-9.14\"><\/path><polyline points=\"22 4 12 14.01 9 11.01\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Simply click on the link and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/pqa8000\">visit the product site<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li><li class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-style-default kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-1\"><div style=\"display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;color:#485156\" class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-single kt-svg-icon-list-single-fe_checkCircle\"><svg style=\"display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 11.08V12a10 10 0 1 1-5.93-9.14\"><\/path><polyline points=\"22 4 12 14.01 9 11.01\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Request an <strong>online-product demo<\/strong><\/span><\/li><li class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-style-default kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2\"><div style=\"display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;color:#485156\" class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-single kt-svg-icon-list-single-fe_checkCircle\"><svg style=\"display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 11.08V12a10 10 0 1 1-5.93-9.14\"><\/path><polyline points=\"22 4 12 14.01 9 11.01\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">We are <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">a simple phone call<\/a> or E-Mail away. We look forward to hear from you<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"mailto:sales@neo-messtechnik.com\">Austria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"mailto:info@schotec.ch\">Switzerland<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"mailto:neo@neomez.com\">South Korea<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"mailto:sales@dewe-tech.cn\">China<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\/\">NEO Messtechnik experts<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0SItHb-UNY0WNUhQtqhB7w\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">YouTube<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In recent years, power quality measurements in the industry and in distribution and transmission networks have been carried out more frequently. During these measurements, the focus has been on classic parameters such as voltage sags, voltage transients, and harmonics. Maximum values are provided by standards for the quality of distribution networks, including: EN 50160IEEE 519Directive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8250,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-and-trends","category-pq-essentials"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>DC Components in AC Grids - NEO Messtechnik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover DC components&#039; impact in AC networks, power quality measurements, and standard limits - explore effects on network stability.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/dc-components-in-ac-grids\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DC Components in AC Grids - NEO Messtechnik\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover DC components&#039; 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