{"id":7078,"date":"2021-04-13T10:05:14","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T08:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/?p=7078"},"modified":"2025-10-07T10:39:50","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T08:39:50","slug":"power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa","title":{"rendered":"Q&#038;A &#8211; 12 answers to 10 questions in Chapter 6"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>As we are closing the first section with a Power Quality Q&amp;A, we are touching on further classic analyses and inside knowledge to complete the picture of classic power quality knowledge.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69de5b8c368bf\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69de5b8c368bf\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#%E2%80%93_Overview\" >&#8211; Overview<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Welcome_to_Chapter_6_of_our_Multipart-Series\" >Welcome to Chapter 6 of our Multipart-Series<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_do_star-_delta-_and_single-line_wiring_mean\" >What do star-, delta- and single-line wiring mean?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Star_connection\" >Star connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Delta_connection\" >Delta connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Single_Phase_connection\" >Single Phase connection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_does_a_Transient_Recorder_do\" >What does a Transient Recorder do?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#How_to_spot_a_highly_evolved_Power_Quality_Analyzer\" >How to spot a highly evolved Power Quality Analyzer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_are_%C2%BD_period_values\" >What are \u00bd period values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_is_the_difference_between_disturbance_and_transient_recording\" >What is the difference between disturbance and transient recording?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_is_meant_by_system_dynamics\" >What is meant by system dynamics?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_is_the_function_of_a_PMU\" >What is the function of a PMU?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#NEO_PQA_8000H\" >NEO PQA 8000H<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Could_you_explain_the_PMU_IEEE_C_37118_standard\" >Could you explain the PMU IEEE C 37.118 standard?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_does_RoCof_stand_for\" >What does RoCof stand for?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_are_WAMS_in_smart_grids\" >What are WAMS in smart grids?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#What_is_a_Power_Quality_Spreading_Mitigation_Analysis\" >What is a Power Quality Spreading &amp; Mitigation Analysis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#%E2%80%93_Closing_the_Q_A\" >&#8211; Closing the Q&amp;A<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Further_Reading\" >Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/#Got_some_time_for_brain_jogging\" >Got some time for brain jogging?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%93_Overview\"><\/span>&#8211; Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Welcome_to_Chapter_6_of_our_Multipart-Series\"><\/span>Welcome to Chapter 6 of our Multipart-Series<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The list of previous articles has slowly but surely gained an impressive length. Here is everything you might have missed if this was your first drop into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/category\/power-quality-online-course-2021-pq-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Power Quality Explained<\/a>. To mix things up a little bit we decided to design this article as Q&amp;A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/a-reintroduction-to-power-quality-analysis\" target=\"_blank\">Power Quality Analysis &#8211; A Reintroduction<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-1-foundational-knowledge\" target=\"_blank\">Foundational Knowledge <\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-2-electric-power-energy\" target=\"_blank\">Electric Power &amp; Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-3-ieee-519-harmonics\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE 519 &amp; Harmonics<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter-4-flicker-rvc-unbalance\" target=\"_blank\">Flicker, RVC &amp; Symmetrical Components<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/ultimate-power-quality-guide-2021\" target=\"_blank\">The Ultimate Guide to Power Quality 2021<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter5-en50160-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EN 50160<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_do_star-_delta-_and_single-line_wiring_mean\"><\/span>What do star-, delta- and single-line wiring mean?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following table shows the relation of star and delta parameters, making it straight forward to easily calculate the respective values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/grafik.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7132\" width=\"425\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/grafik.png 786w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/grafik-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/grafik-611x600.png 611w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/grafik-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Star_connection\"><\/span>Star connection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-1024x361.jpg\" alt=\"Star-Y-Connection\" class=\"wp-image-7170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-1024x361.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-300x106.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-1452x512.jpg 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-1536x541.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection-16x6.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Star-Y-Connection.jpg 1890w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delta_connection\"><\/span>Delta connection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-1024x359.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-1024x359.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-300x105.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-1452x509.jpg 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-1536x539.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection-16x6.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Delta-Connection.jpg 1876w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Single_Phase_connection\"><\/span>Single Phase connection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-1024x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-1024x339.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-300x99.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-1452x480.jpg 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-1536x508.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection-16x5.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Single-Phase-Connection.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_a_Transient_Recorder_do\"><\/span>What does a Transient Recorder do?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A transient recorder detects any kind of waveform deviation from the ideal pure sine wave. Various trigger options allow triggering on input voltage or current signals, calculated software values (P,Q,S, THD, x<sup>th<\/sup> Harmonic etc.) and dynamic signal analysis (1\/2 Period values, phase angle jumps, RoCoF, envelope trigger). Using NEO Messtechnik devices allows to combine multiple triggers as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"kt-info-box_2420fb-3f\" class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox\"><a class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/new_addition_pqa_8000h\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\" style=\"max-width:648px\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\" style=\"padding-bottom:56.85714285714286%;height:0;width:350px;max-width:100%\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-350x199.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"199\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-6859 \"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h2 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_spot_a_highly_evolved_Power_Quality_Analyzer\"><\/span>How to spot a highly evolved Power Quality Analyzer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-text\">When did you last have the chance to go on a journey? And what does Indiana Jones have to do with the Power Quality Monitoring market? Let&#8217;s adjust our explorer hats and go on the hunt for something truly exceptional.<\/p><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_%C2%BD_period_values\"><\/span>What are \u00bd period values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00bd period values make short-time interruptions visible. 10-period values, e.g. for the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/power-quality-explained-chapter5-en50160-report\" target=\"_blank\">EN 50160<\/a>, only show a dampened peak value of disturbances. The peak of \u00bd period values (real value) can be a couple of times higher than the measured 10-period value. It is a very important tool your power quality management solution should offer! For example, we offer our customers to store half-period values of U,I,P,Q,S, phi, symmetrical components, fundamentals and many more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-peak-1.png\" alt=\"1-2-period-peak\" class=\"wp-image-7177\" width=\"520\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-peak-1.png 731w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-peak-1-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-peak-1-16x9.png 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2period-raw-data-1024x423.png\" alt=\"1-2period-raw-data\" class=\"wp-image-7178\" width=\"718\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2period-raw-data-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2period-raw-data-16x7.png 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2period-raw-data-825x340.png 825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Flicker\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_difference_between_disturbance_and_transient_recording\"><\/span>What is the difference between disturbance and transient recording?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Disturbance recording decreases the amount of data the user has to store over a longer time interval. This goes hand in hand with a loss of information about single samples and slightly restricts off-line analysis possibilities. However, for many power grid disturbances it will show the necessary information to identify the disturbance and the cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, certain grid situations like switching operations or resonances can only be analyzed in detail when there is raw sampling data (Transient record) available. As you might already guess, using both storing options combines their benefits and allows recording any kind of disturbance or waveform deviation in the grid, while using optimized data storage. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">computer-based systems<\/a> of NEO Messtechnik allows recording a high number of transients and disturbances with long recording time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-storing-1024x482.jpeg\" alt=\"Combination of raw data, 10-period and 1\/2-period data\" class=\"wp-image-7198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-storing-1024x482.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-storing-300x141.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-storing-16x8.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-2-period-storing.jpeg 1088w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Combination of raw data, 10-period and 1\/2-period data<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_meant_by_system_dynamics\"><\/span>What is meant by system dynamics?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Under system dynamics we understand the appearance of phase angle jumps, variable frequency (RoCoF), dips or swells of the supply voltage or switching transients. These phenomena increasingly occur during the connection and reconnection of microgrids and distributed generator units (DER) and result in a higher system dynamics and growing interactions. Furthermore the power electronics development will stress the importance of measuring and analysing resonances, oscillations and the grid impedance itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Symm_Comp\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_function_of_a_PMU\"><\/span>What is the function of a PMU?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Phasor Measurement Unit or PMU is a device for accurate synchrophasor measurements. When comparing the fundamental harmonics&#8217;s phase angle, measured at different points in the network, the difference serves for stating the status of the electric grid. In order to carry out this measurement you need several synchronized devices across various locations of the grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"kt-info-box_4d4ab5-a4\" class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox\"><a class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/pqa8000\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\" style=\"max-width:704px\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\" style=\"padding-bottom:41.33370074400661%;height:0;width:7258px;max-width:100%\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"7258\" height=\"3000\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-7102 \" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-1024x423.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-1452x600.png 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-1536x635.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-2048x847.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-16x7.png 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog21-825x340.png 825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 7258px) 100vw, 7258px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h2 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NEO_PQA_8000H\"><\/span>NEO PQA 8000H<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-text\">Read more..<\/p><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-b6ffc1d9-de34-4622-bf7a-2f6f002f0f95\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Could_you_explain_the_PMU_IEEE_C_37118_standard\"><\/span>Could you explain the PMU IEEE C 37.118 standard?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The IEEE C37.118 defines the PMU accuracy in stabilized state and a communication protocol for real-time phasor transmission. Taking our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/pqa8000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PQA 8000 H<\/a> as example that fully complies with the standard, it offers a built-in GPS receiver together with highly-accurate voltage inputs and<br>\u2013 Total Vector Error 0.01% (typ.)<br>\u2013 Angle Accuracy 0.003\u00b0 (typ.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The PMU firmware measures voltage and current phasors, frequency, and calculates the positive symmetrical components of voltages and currents. The measured data is sent to the superior system according to the IEEE C37.118 communication protocol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_RoCof_stand_for\"><\/span>What does RoCof stand for?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>RoCoF is the time derivative of the power system frequency (df\/dt). A large Rate of change of frequency can endager system operation and get more and more attention amongst system operators due to the rising existence of distributed energy resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-95013342-5b89-4f67-88df-e73a20ec9886\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_WAMS_in_smart_grids\"><\/span>What are WAMS in smart grids?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-a51d4f58-a651-4499-a201-31778f5da0c9\">Nationwide networks of time-synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) are called Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS). They allow users to centrally visualize and monitor phasors, detect islands, resynchronization and black start detection, grid stability and voltage monitoring. Furthermore, using interfaces allows the passing of results to SCADA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_Power_Quality_Spreading_Mitigation_Analysis\"><\/span>What is a Power Quality Spreading &amp; Mitigation Analysis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mitigation from EV charging stations or heat pumps result in a shift of emissions to higher-frequent areas. Using synchronous measurements of a multitude of input channels and instruments via GPS allow the analysis of the whole system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%93_Closing_the_Q_A\"><\/span>&#8211; Closing the Q&amp;A<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Summing up all the previous chapters of our power quality series, we think you deserve a well-deserved break. Following this article you will find an opportunity to get a fresh perspective in your working day. From now on we can finally take more deep dives into PQ areas that are <strong>really interesting<\/strong>..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">NEO Messtechnik experts<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linkedin.com\/company\/neo-messtechnik\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Reading\"><\/span>Further Reading<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"kt-info-box_7eb2e5-73\" class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox\"><a class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/9-dots-exercise\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\" style=\"max-width:648px\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\" style=\"padding-bottom:41.33085348212441%;height:0;width:14517px;max-width:100%\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15.png\" alt=\"9 Dots Exercise NEO Messtechnik\" width=\"14517\" height=\"6000\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-7156 \" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-1024x423.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-1452x600.png 1452w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-1536x635.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-2048x846.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-16x7.png 16w, https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog15-825x340.png 825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 14517px) 100vw, 14517px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h2 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Got_some_time_for_brain_jogging\"><\/span>Got some time for brain jogging?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-text\">Grab pen and paper and try. Click for the solution \ud83d\ude09<\/p><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As we are closing the first section of Power Quality Explained, we are touching on further classic phenomena and inside knowledge to complete the picture of classic power quality knowledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-power-quality-online-course-2026-pq-explained"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Q&amp;A - 12 answers to 10 questions in Chapter 6 - Power Quality Explained<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this Power Quality Q&amp;A we are touching on inside knowledge to complete the picture of classic power quality knowledge.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Q&amp;A - 12 answers to 10 questions in Chapter 6 - Power Quality Explained\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In this Power Quality Q&amp;A we are touching on inside knowledge to complete the picture of classic power quality knowledge.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/en\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"NEO Messtechnik\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-13T08:05:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-07T08:39:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1-Cover-Images-for-LinkedIn-Blog13.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1742\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Neo Messtechnik\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Neo Messtechnik\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\\\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\\\/power-quality-explained-chapter6-pq-qa\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Neo Messtechnik\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.neo-messtechnik.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/27a4c8b6d00a04e30b0dd5b2de1a41b7\"},\"headline\":\"Q&#038;A &#8211; 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